The word ترکی occupies a distinctive and emotionally resonant place in the Urdu linguistic landscape, representing far more than a simple ethnolinguistic designation. For Urdu speakers, particularly those with an awareness of Islamic history and culture, the term evokes a complex web of associations that include the grandeur of the Ottoman sultans, the spiritual charisma of Turkic Sufi saints, the architectural splendors of Istanbul and Samarkand, the martial prowess of the Janissaries, the culinary delights of Turkish kebabs and baklava, and the linguistic kinship that connects Turkish to the languages of Central Asia from which the ancestors of the Mughals and other Muslim dynasties of India originally came. The relationship between ترکی and Urdu is not that of distant strangers but of intimate cousins, linked by centuries of shared history, religion, and cultural exchange.
The linguistic classification of ترکی places it within the Oghuz or Southwestern branch of the Turkic language family, which also includes Azerbaijani, Turkmen, and Gagauz. This family is itself part of the larger Altaic hypothesis, a proposed but disputed language family that may include Mongolic, Tungusic, and sometimes Korean and Japanese. Turkish is characterized by distinctive linguistic features that set it apart from the Indo-European languages with which Urdu speakers are more familiar. These features include vowel harmony, a phonological process by which the vowels within a word must belong to the same class, either front or back and either rounded or unrounded, creating a melodic, flowing quality in Turkish speech that is immediately recognizable. Turkish is also an agglutinative language, meaning that grammatical relationships are expressed by adding suffixes to word roots, each suffix carrying a single grammatical meaning, resulting in words that can become quite long and complex. A single Turkish word can express what would require a whole phrase in Urdu or English, a feature that fascinates and sometimes frustrates learners from Indo-European language backgrounds.
The history of the Turkish language is a story of dramatic transformation and conscious reform. The Ottoman Turkish that was spoken and written in the Ottoman Empire for centuries was a highly Persianized and Arabicized form of Turkish, written in the Arabic script and incorporating vast numbers of loanwords from Persian and Arabic. An educated Ottoman Turk's vocabulary was perhaps seventy percent Persian and Arabic, and the literary language of the court and the bureaucracy was so heavily influenced that it was virtually incomprehensible to ordinary Turkish speakers. This Ottoman Turkish was the language of the empire that ruled much of the Middle East, North Africa, and Southeast Europe for over six hundred years, and it was through this Ottoman connection that Turkish influence most directly reached South Asia. The Mughal Empire, whose ruling elite were of Turkic origin, maintained diplomatic, commercial, and cultural ties with the Ottoman court, and Ottoman Turkish was studied and admired by South Asian Muslims as a language of Islamic civilization and imperial power.
The modern Turkish that is designated by the term ترکی in contemporary Urdu is the product of the radical language reforms initiated by Mustafa Kemal Ataturk after the establishment of the Turkish Republic in 1923. Ataturk and his linguistic reformers sought to create a new national language that would be closer to the speech of ordinary Turkish people and that would break decisively with the Ottoman past. The Arabic script, which had been used for writing Turkish for centuries, was replaced by a Latin based alphabet in 1928, a change of profound symbolic and practical significance. The new alphabet severed the connection between Turkish literacy and the Islamic tradition of Arabic script literacy, reorienting Turkey toward the West and toward a new national identity. Along with the alphabet reform came a massive vocabulary reform, as the Turkish Language Association systematically replaced Arabic and Persian loanwords with newly coined Turkish words, often derived from Old Turkic roots or from other Turkic languages. The result was a language that in the span of a few decades became largely incomprehensible to readers of Ottoman Turkish texts and that differed dramatically from the Turkish that had been known to previous generations of Urdu speakers.
Part of Speech:
From a grammatical standpoint, ترکی is a feminine noun in Urdu when referring to the Turkish language. The word belongs to the category of language names that are formed by adding the relational suffix ی to the stem ترک meaning Turk. This suffix, which can be traced to the Persian یای نسبت, is highly productive in Urdu for forming adjectives and nouns of relationship, and language names are a common application of this pattern. As a feminine noun, ترکی takes feminine agreement in verbs and adjectives, for example, ترکی بہت خوبصورت زبان ہے meaning Turkish is a very beautiful language, or میں ترکی سیکھ رہی ہوں meaning I am learning Turkish, said by a female speaker. The gender assignment follows the general rule in Urdu that language names are typically feminine, a pattern that applies to اردو itself, as well as to فارسی, عربی, ہندی, and most other language designations. The word can also function as an adjective meaning Turkish or pertaining to Turkey, in which case it agrees in gender and number with the noun it modifies, though the form ترکی is often used invariantly for both masculine and feminine contexts in modern usage.
Correct Spelling & Pronunciation:
ترکی
ت پر زبر ( َ ) ہے (تُ)۔
ر ساکن ہے (رْ)۔
ک پر زیر ( ِ ) ہے (کِ)۔
ی ساکن ہے (یْ)۔
تلفظ: Tur-ki.
The pronunciation of ترکی is straightforward by Urdu phonological standards, consisting of two clear syllables with a natural stress on the first syllable. The word begins with the voiceless dental stop ت carrying the zabar diacritic, producing the short u sound, resulting in the syllable tur. The ر that follows is sakin, closing the first syllable and creating a clear boundary before the second syllable. The ک carries the zer diacritic, producing the short i sound ki, and the final ی is sakin, functioning as the long vowel ی at the end of the word. The overall pronunciation is Tur-ki, with the first syllable pronounced with a short vowel and the second with a long vowel, creating a balanced, easily articulated two syllable word. The pronunciation closely mirrors the Turkish word Türk with the addition of the Persian relational suffix, and the short vowels in the Urdu pronunciation reflect the naturalization of the word into the Urdu phonological system.
The proper articulation of ترکی requires attention to the distinction between the short u of the first syllable and the long i of the second. The first syllable should not be prolonged into a long u as in the English word "tour" but should remain short and crisp, while the second syllable should be given its full length, creating the characteristic rhythm of the word. The ت is a dental stop, produced with the tongue against the back of the upper teeth, distinct from the retroflex ٹ that would produce a completely different word. The ک is a plain velar stop, unaspirated, similar to the English "k" in "skill" rather than the aspirated "k" in "kill." The final ی represents the long vowel sound of the English "ee" in "see," and it should be pronounced fully, not shortened or diphthongized.
The word ترکی opens a window into the rich and complex relationship between the Turkic world and the Indian subcontinent, a relationship that spans more than a thousand years and encompasses conquest and empire, trade and commerce, religion and culture, language and literature. The first significant Turkic presence in South Asia dates to the Ghaznavid invasions of the eleventh century, when Mahmud of Ghazni, a ruler of Turkic slave origin, launched repeated campaigns into the Punjab and beyond. These invasions, while destructive in many respects, opened the door to a permanent Turkic presence in northern India, a presence that would eventually culminate in the establishment of the Delhi Sultanate in 1206 under Qutb ud Din Aibak, another ruler of Turkic slave origin. For the next several centuries, a succession of Turkic dynasties, including the Mamluks, the Khaljis, the Tughlaqs, and the Lodis, ruled much of the Indian subcontinent, bringing with them Turkic languages, customs, and cultural forms that would profoundly shape the development of South Asian Muslim civilization.
The Mughal Empire, which succeeded the Delhi Sultanate and ruled India from 1526 to 1857, was founded by Babur, a descendant of Timur on his father's side and of Genghis Khan on his mother's side, who spoke Chagatai Turkic as his native language. Although Persian was the official language of the Mughal court and the Mughals themselves became increasingly Indianized over time, the Turkic heritage of the dynasty remained a source of pride and identity. Babur's memoirs, the Baburnama, were written in Chagatai Turkic and remain one of the great works of Turkic literature. The Mughal court continued to include Turkic nobles and soldiers, and the Turkish language, particularly in its Ottoman form, remained a language of diplomacy and high culture known to educated South Asian Muslims.
The linguistic legacy of this long Turkic presence in South Asia is visible in the vocabulary of Urdu itself. Numerous words of Turkic origin have entered Urdu over the centuries, including such common words as قورچی meaning armorer or guard, بیگم meaning lady or wife of a noble, خان meaning lord or chief, تمغا meaning medal or stamp, قنات meaning tent wall or screen, and many others. These words reflect the military, administrative, and courtly domains in which Turkic influence was most pronounced. Even the word اردو itself, meaning army or camp, is of Turkic origin, derived from the same root that gives Turkish ordu meaning army. The very name of the language thus carries within it the memory of the Turkic military camps from which the language first emerged as a lingua franca for the diverse soldiers and camp followers of the Mughal armies.
Synonyms (Urdu): ترک زبان, ترکی زبان, رومی زبان, عثمانی زبان, استنبولی زبان
Synonyms (English): Turkish, Turkish language, Anatolian Turkish, Istanbul Turkish, Ottoman Turkish, Turkic
Antonyms (Urdu): [No direct antonyms exist for language names; linguistic contrasts would be with unrelated language families such as سنسکرت, چینی, or انگریزی]
Antonyms (English): [No direct antonyms exist; linguistic contrasts would be with unrelated languages such as Sanskrit, Chinese, or English]
Etymology: The word ترکی traces its ultimate origin to the Old Turkic word Türük or Türk, the name that the Turkic peoples used for themselves. The earliest recorded use of this ethnonym appears in the Orkhon inscriptions of the eighth century, monumental stone carvings erected in Mongolia by the Göktürk Khaganate, which represent the oldest known examples of Turkic writing. In these inscriptions, the word Türük is used to refer to the Turkic people as a political and cultural community, and the name has continued in unbroken usage to the present day across all Turkic languages. The etymology of Türük itself is uncertain, with various theories proposing meanings such as strong, powerful, mature, or derived from a word for helmet or mountain. Whatever its origin, the name became attached to the Turkic speaking peoples who spread across Eurasia over the following centuries, establishing empires, khanates, and sultanates from the borders of China to the gates of Vienna.
From the ethnonym Türk, the Persian language formed the relational adjective ترکی by adding the suffix ی, a process that also produced the noun ترکی when the adjective was substantivized to refer to the Turkish language. This Persian derived form entered Urdu through the same channels by which Persian vocabulary generally entered the language, through the Persianate culture of the Mughal court and the broader Persianate civilization of which South Asian Muslims were a part. The word ترکی in Urdu thus represents a Persian mediation of a Turkic original, a pattern that is common for many ethnolinguistic terms in the language. The same Persian suffix appears in other language names in Urdu, such as فارسی, عربی, ہندی, بنگالی, and پنجابی, making ترکی part of a systematic pattern of language naming that Urdu inherited from Persian.
The deeper etymology of the word also connects to the complex history of Turco-Persian civilization, the synthesis of Turkic and Persian elements that characterized the culture of the great Islamic empires of the medieval and early modern periods. The Seljuks, the Ottomans, the Safavids, and the Mughals all participated in this Turco-Persian synthesis, which combined Turkic political and military organization with Persian administrative, literary, and cultural traditions. The word ترکی in Urdu carries within it the memory of this synthesis, the recognition that Turkish language and culture are inseparable from the Persianate world that shaped Urdu itself.
Metaphorical Use: The word ترکی, while primarily a straightforward ethnolinguistic designation, has developed metaphorical and figurative uses in Urdu that reflect the cultural associations and historical resonances of Turkish language and culture in the South Asian imagination. The phrase ترکی بہ ترکی جواب دینا meaning to reply in Turkish to Turkish, or more idiomatically, to give tit for tat, to answer in kind, or to respond in the same language, is a fascinating expression that uses ترکی as a metaphor for matching someone's communication on their own terms. The expression implies a situation where one person addresses another in a particular manner, perhaps harshly or confrontationally, and the other person responds in the same manner, speaking the same language in a metaphorical sense. The choice of ترکی in this idiom may reflect the historical perception of Turks as formidable and direct people who could not be easily intimidated.
Another metaphorical use of ترکی appears in the expression ترکی چال or Turkish move, which refers to a clever, strategic, or cunning maneuver, particularly in politics or negotiation. This expression draws on the historical reputation of Turkish military and diplomatic skill, the perception of Turks as master strategists capable of outmaneuvering their opponents. When someone is said to have made a ترکی چال, the implication is that they have done something clever and perhaps unexpected that gives them an advantage over their rivals. The metaphor reflects the centuries of interaction between South Asian and Turkic political cultures, during which South Asians had ample opportunity to observe and admire Turkic strategic acumen.
The word ترکی can also be used metaphorically to describe something that is exotic, foreign, or from a distant and fascinating land. Turkish culture, with its distinctive music, cuisine, and customs, has long held a fascination for South Asians, and the adjective ترکی can evoke this sense of the exotic and the alluring. A dish described as ترکی may be understood not just as literally Turkish but as having the rich, flavorful, and somewhat foreign quality associated with Turkish cuisine. A decorative style described as ترکی might evoke the ornate, geometric patterns of Islamic art for which Turkish artisans are famous. In these metaphorical uses, ترکی becomes a shorthand for a whole complex of cultural associations that South Asians have developed over centuries of contact with the Turkic world.
Cultural Significance: The cultural significance of ترکی in Urdu speaking societies is multidimensional, encompassing linguistic, religious, historical, political, and aesthetic dimensions. At the linguistic level, ترکی represents both a foreign language to be studied and a linguistic relative that has contributed to the vocabulary and character of Urdu itself. The presence of Turkic loanwords in Urdu, the shared Perso-Arabic vocabulary that both languages inherited from centuries of Islamic civilization, and the common cultural references that connect Urdu speakers to Turkish speakers all contribute to a sense of linguistic kinship that makes Turkish feel less foreign to Urdu speakers than it might to speakers of other South Asian languages.
In the religious sphere, Turkey occupies a special place in the imagination of South Asian Muslims as the seat of the Ottoman Caliphate, the last great Islamic empire and the defender of the holy places of Mecca and Medina. The Ottoman sultans, in their capacity as caliphs or successors to the Prophet Muhammad, were regarded by South Asian Muslims with deep reverence and loyalty, and the fate of the Ottoman Empire was a matter of intense concern for Muslims across the subcontinent. The Khilafat Movement of 1919 to 1924, in which Indian Muslims mobilized in support of the Ottoman caliphate after World War I, represented one of the largest mass movements in South Asian Muslim history and demonstrated the deep emotional and religious ties that bound Indian Muslims to the Turkish center of the Islamic world. The abolition of the caliphate by the Turkish Republic in 1924 was a traumatic event for many South Asian Muslims, marking the end of an institution that had symbolized Islamic political unity for centuries.
In the modern era, Turkey continues to hold cultural significance for Urdu speakers, particularly through the medium of popular culture. Turkish television dramas, known as ڈرامے, have become enormously popular in Pakistan and among Urdu speaking communities worldwide, creating a new channel of cultural connection between Turkish and Urdu speaking societies. These dramas, dubbed or subtitled in Urdu, have introduced millions of South Asian viewers to Turkish language, music, fashion, cuisine, and social customs, fostering a sense of cultural affinity and familiarity that complements the historical and religious connections. The popularity of Turkish dramas represents a fascinating example of how modern media can revitalize and transform ancient cultural connections, creating new forms of transnational cultural community that build upon historical foundations.
Social and Emotional Impact: The social and emotional impact of the term ترکی varies considerably depending on the context and the individual's relationship to Turkish language and culture. For students and scholars of Islamic history and civilization, ترکی evokes the grandeur of the Ottoman past, the intellectual achievements of Turkish Islamic scholars, and the cultural richness of the Turco-Persian tradition that shaped South Asian Muslim civilization. The word carries connotations of learning, sophistication, and connection to the wider Islamic world, and the ability to speak or read Turkish is a mark of cultural accomplishment and scholarly dedication.
For the many Pakistanis and Indian Muslims who have traveled to Turkey for tourism, education, or business, ترکی evokes personal memories of a beautiful and hospitable country, of the stunning architecture of Istanbul's mosques and palaces, of the warm welcome extended by Turkish people to their South Asian co-religionists, and of the pleasure of discovering unexpected cultural similarities despite the linguistic difference. The word carries positive emotional associations of travel, discovery, and cross-cultural friendship, and many Urdu speakers who have visited Turkey speak of it with genuine affection and admiration.
For the younger generation of Urdu speakers who have become fans of Turkish television dramas, ترکی evokes the glamour and romance of the stories they have watched, the handsome actors and beautiful actresses who have become household names, the dramatic plots and emotional music that have captivated audiences across South Asia. The word carries associations of entertainment, emotional engagement, and the pleasures of immersive storytelling. This emotional connection, while perhaps less profound than the historical or religious connections, is nonetheless real and significant, shaping the perceptions and attitudes of millions of young Urdu speakers toward Turkish language and culture.
Word Associations: ترک, ترکی زبان, استنبول, انقرہ, سلطنت عثمانیہ, خلافت, مصطفی کمال اتاترک, ترک ڈرامے, ترک کھانے, کباب, بکلاوا, ایاصوفیہ, توپ کاپی, دراوش, مولانا رومی, تصوف, ترکی موسیقی, ارطغرل, سلیمان, حرم, غزنوی, مغل, تیمور, چنگیز خان, اردو
Expanded Features:
Polarity: Positive to neutral. The term carries generally positive connotations of cultural richness, historical significance, and linguistic interest. For South Asian Muslims, the word often evokes positive feelings of religious and cultural kinship. In purely linguistic contexts, the polarity is neutral.
Register: Universal. The word is used across all registers, from academic and diplomatic discourse to everyday conversation, from historical writing to popular entertainment commentary.
Pragmatic Sense: The word is used to identify the Turkish language, to refer to Turkish culture and civilization, to invoke the historical legacy of the Ottoman Empire, to express interest in or knowledge of Turkish affairs, and to signal cultural sophistication or connection to the wider Islamic world.
Formality: Variable. The word is appropriate in both formal and informal contexts, though it does not carry the elevated, poetic quality of some Persian and Arabic derived terms.
Usage Contexts: ترکی is used in academic and educational contexts when discussing linguistics, history, or international relations, in travel and tourism contexts, in discussions of literature and poetry, in religious discourse about Islamic history and the caliphate, in popular culture discussions about Turkish dramas and music, in culinary contexts when discussing Turkish food, and in any context where reference to Turkish language or culture is relevant.
Evolution in Use: The meaning and usage of ترکی have evolved over the centuries in response to changing political and cultural circumstances. During the Ottoman period, ترکی primarily referred to Ottoman Turkish, the heavily Persianized and Arabicized form of the language used in the empire. The language reforms of the Turkish Republic transformed the language so dramatically that the ترکی of today is a very different language from the Ottoman Turkish known to earlier generations. For contemporary Urdu speakers, ترکی refers primarily to modern Turkish, and Ottoman Turkish is typically specified as عثمانی ترکی when historical precision is required. The popularity of Turkish popular culture in recent decades has added new dimensions to the word's usage, making it more common in everyday conversation and expanding its associations beyond the scholarly and historical to include the entertaining and the glamorous.
Example Sentences:
ترکی سیکھنا چاہتا ہوں تاکہ استنبول جا کر لوگوں سے بات کر سکوں۔
I want to learn Turkish so that I can go to Istanbul and talk to people.
پاکستان اور ترکی کے درمیان گہرے تاریخی اور مذہبی تعلقات ہیں۔
There are deep historical and religious relations between Pakistan and Turkey.
ترکی ڈرامے دیکھ دیکھ کر اسے ترکی زبان کے کچھ الفاظ آ گئے ہیں۔
By watching Turkish dramas, she has learned some words of the Turkish language.
عثمانی ترکی میں عربی اور فارسی کے بہت سے الفاظ شامل تھے۔
Ottoman Turkish included many Arabic and Persian words.
مصطفی کمال اتاترک نے ترکی زبان کو عربی رسم الخط سے لاطینی رسم الخط میں تبدیل کیا۔
Mustafa Kemal Ataturk changed the Turkish language from Arabic script to Latin script.
ترکی کھانے واقعی بہت مزیدار ہوتے ہیں، خاص کر ان کے کباب۔
Turkish food is really very delicious, especially their kebabs.
مولانا رومی کی مثنوی ترکی میں بھی پڑھی جاتی ہے اور بہت مقبول ہے۔
Maulana Rumi's Masnavi is also read in Turkish and is very popular.
ترکی زبان کے گرامر میں vowel harmony کا اصول بہت اہم ہے۔
The principle of vowel harmony is very important in the grammar of the Turkish language.
ترکی بہ ترکی جواب دینا اس کی عادت بن چکی ہے۔
Giving tit for tat has become his habit.
اردو میں بہت سے ترکی الفاظ شامل ہیں جیسے بیگم، خان، اور تمغا۔
Many Turkish words are included in Urdu, such as Begum, Khan, and Tamgha.
Poetic and Literary Touch: The Turkish language and the Turkic world have left a subtle but significant imprint on Urdu poetry and literature, both as subject matter and as a source of vocabulary, imagery, and cultural reference. The classical Urdu poets, writing in the Persianate tradition, were well aware of the Turkic heritage of the Mughal elite and occasionally invoked Turkish themes and images in their verse. The Turk, particularly the young Turkish boy or soldier, appears in Persian and Urdu poetry as a figure of beauty, bravery, and sometimes cruelty, a stock character in the gallery of poetic types that also included the Hindu idol, the Christian monk, and the Zoroastrian priest.
A poet reflecting on the beauty of the beloved might compare them to a Turkish warrior, drawing on the historical reputation of the Turks for physical beauty and martial prowess. A verse crafted to feature the word ترکی in this classical context might express:
ترکی اداؤں میں ہے وہ انداز کہ جس پر
دل ہار بیٹھے ہیں بڑے بڑے صاحب دل بھی
In Turkish graces there is such a style that even great masters of the heart have lost their hearts to it. The verse plays on the traditional association of Turkish beauty with a certain elegant, captivating quality of movement and manner, an association that goes back to the presence of Turkic slaves and soldiers in the courts of medieval India.
In modern Urdu poetry, the word ترکی appears in different contexts, often evoking the historical and cultural connections between South Asian Muslims and the wider Islamic world. A poet reflecting on the shared heritage of Islamic civilization might write:
ترکی میں بھی وہی اذان ہے، وہی نماز
ہم ایک ہی درخت کے ہیں شاخیں، پتے الگ الگ
In Turkish too there is the same call to prayer, the same prayer, we are branches of the same tree, the leaves are different. This verse captures the sense of religious unity across linguistic and cultural difference, the recognition that despite the different languages and customs, the essential spiritual connection remains.
The modern fascination with Turkish culture, particularly through the medium of television dramas, has also found its way into contemporary Urdu poetry and popular verse. A poet capturing the zeitgeist of the Turkish drama craze might write:
ترکی ڈراموں نے دکھا دیا ہے وہ استنبول
جہاں محبت کا ہے الگ ہی اصول
Turkish dramas have shown us that Istanbul, where love has its own distinct rules. This verse, while lighter in tone, reflects the genuine cultural impact that Turkish popular media has had on the South Asian imagination, creating new images and associations that enrich the meaning of the word ترکی for a new generation.
Summary: The word ترکی is a feminine noun in Urdu that refers to the Turkish language, the official language of the Republic of Turkey and a major member of the Turkic language family spoken by over eighty million people. Pronounced Tur-ki, the word is derived from the ethnonym Türk with the Persian relational suffix ی, connecting it to the broader pattern of language naming in Urdu. The polarity is positive to neutral, the register is universal, and the formality is variable. The term carries profound historical, religious, and cultural significance for Urdu speakers, evoking the legacy of the Ottoman Empire, the centuries of Turkic rule in South Asia, the shared vocabulary and cultural references that connect Turkish and Urdu, and the contemporary popularity of Turkish popular culture. In the religious consciousness of South Asian Muslims, ترکی is associated with the Ottoman Caliphate and the leadership of the Islamic world, while in modern popular culture, it is associated with the dramas, music, and cuisine that have captivated audiences across the subcontinent.
Cross Language Comparison: In English, "Turkish" is the standard designation for both the language and the nationality, from "Turk" plus the suffix "ish," a parallel formation to the Persian and Urdu ترکی. In Arabic, "التركية" (at-turkiyya) is the feminine form used for the language, following the Arabic pattern of using feminine adjectives for language names. In Persian, "ترکی" (torki) is identical to the Urdu word in both form and meaning, reflecting the shared Perso-Arabic linguistic heritage. In Turkish itself, the language is called "Türkçe," formed from "Türk" plus the suffix "çe" that indicates language, a different morphological strategy from the Persian suffix but serving the same function. In Azerbaijani, a closely related Turkic language, "Türk dili" or "Türkcə" is used. In Punjabi, the word is identical to Urdu, ترکی, and carries the same range of meanings and associations. In Pashto, "ترکي" (turki) is used, again closely related to the Persian and Urdu forms. In Hindi, "तुर्की" (turkī) is used identically to Urdu, reflecting the shared vocabulary of the two languages. This cross linguistic consistency reflects the widespread influence of Persian linguistic patterns across the Islamic world and the enduring significance of the Turkic peoples in the history of Asia and Europe.